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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3.1 Introduction to Week 3</h2>
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<p><img height="385" width="400" src="//prod-edxapp.edx-cdn.org/assets/courseware/v1/9dfcb0071329d339b2f2e74f56a7ca93/asset-v1:DelftX+CESBE1x+3T2019+type@asset+block/Building.png" alt="Building Diagram" style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;">Diagram by Lennart Aben</h6>
<p style="text-align: left;">This week we will scale up to the building level. We will explore the different life-cycle stages of a building and explain that a building can be seen as a collection of Stewart Brand’s “shearing layers" with different life cycle durations. </p>
<p style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We will explore the circular design principles applied when the </span>Circl Pavilion in Amsterdam was designed and built. In addition, we will bring forward the central role of business models within the circular economy for the built environment. We interviewed the project leader and architect from CEPEZED who will tell us more about their circular design for the Temporary Courthouse in Amsterdam. You will learn about the different circular business models and stakeholders that are part of the building process.</p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3.2 Life-Cycle of a Building</h2>
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<p>In Week 2 you learned about the different life-cycle stages of clay bricks. In the case of a whole building, it becomes more complex, but the logic stays the same.</p>
<p><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If our goal, as designers and developers of a sustainable built environment, is to design waste out of the building’s life-cycle, it is important to understand the environmental impact of the different life-cycle stages. You can make more impact if you do not just think about the use stage of a building, but also about the production, construction and end-of-service stage during the design of a building. It is also crucial to understand which stakeholders are involved per stage because multidisciplinary collaboration is key within the circular economy. </span></span></p>
<p>We divide a building's life-cycle into four different stages: production stage, construction stage, use stage, and end-of-life stage. In the end-of-service the materials can become an environmental burden or have positive impact by feeding them back to the production stage, reducing the extraction of raw materials.</p>
<p>During the <strong>production stage, </strong>raw materials are extracted, transported and converted into construction materials. The extraction of natural resources has a great impact on the availability of non-renewable resource and might lead to their depletion. Besides, a large amount of water and energy are related to this process. The manufacturing of construction products also requires a large amount of energy as it has been estimated that the construction materials production industry is one of the biggest energy consumer at a global level. Moreover, energy consumption leads to the release of air pollutants.</p>
<p>The <strong>construction stage</strong> is when the building takes its form. The construction stage of a building requires a considerable amount of energy and materials, and involves a high number of stakeholders. </p>
<p>The <strong>use stage</strong> is usually considered as the longest in the building life-cycle. This stage includes activities such as maintenance, and it is characterized by circular strategies such as reuse, repair and refurbish to extend the life span of the building. The use stage leads to environmental impact caused by the users and the physical characteristics of the building, i.e. energy and water use and waste generation.</p>
<p>The <strong>end-of-service stage</strong> in the context of the Circular Economy would mean that the buildings can be safely disassembled into different components, hence they can be reused, repaired, remanufactured or recycled. Since we live in a Linear Economy, the end-of-life of buildings is the demolition process. Demolition creates huge quantities of bulk waste which might be reused, recycled or simply landfilled. The environmental impact from this phase is related to the release of green gas emissions from machinery and transportation, as well as emissions related to landfill disposal. </p>
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<h2><strong>EXTRA READING MATERIALS (OPTIONAL)</strong></h2>
<p><strong>If you are interested in the topic of assessment of the environmental impact caused by the different life-cycle stages of the buildings you might find interesting the following list with additional reading materials (open-source) related to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of buildings:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;">Birgisdóttir, H. and Rasmussen, F. (2016). </span><em style="font-size: 1em;">Introduction to LCA of Buildings. 1st edition</em><span style="font-size: 1em;">. [online] Copenhagen: Danish Transport and Construction Agency. Available at: </span><a href="https://www.trafikstyrelsen.dk/~/media/Dokumenter/09%20Byggeri/Baredygtigt%20byggeri/TBST-2016-02-Introduction_LCA_english.pdf" target="[object Object]" style="font-size: 1em;">www.trafikstyrelsen.dk</a><span style="font-size: 1em;">.</span></li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gardner, H., Garcia, J., Hasik, V., Olinzock, M., Banawi, A. and Bilec, M. (2019). <em>Materials life cycle assessment of a living building</em>. Procedia CIRP, [online] 80, pp.458-463. Available at <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221282711930023X" target="[object Object]">www.elsevier.com</a>.</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Petrovic, B., Myhren, J., Zhang, X., Wallhagen, M. and Eriksson, O. (2019). <em>DLife Cycle Assessment of Building Materials for a Single-family House in Sweden</em>. Energy Procedia, [online] 158, pp.3547-3552. Available at <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610219309579" target="[object Object]">www.elsevier.com</a>.</span></p>
</li>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3.3 Building Layers</h2>
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<p><span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this video, Mo Smit shares some insights into the concept of “Shearing Layers”, first developed by the architect Frank Duffy and further elaborated by Stewart Brand. Mo will explore the shearing layers of the BK City - an almost one-hundred-year-old building serving as the Faculty of Architecture and Built Environment at the TU Delft. The building has been transformed and adapted several times, and it is a good example that a building is not one product but rather consists of various layers and components. It becomes clear that during their life-cycle many interventions might be done to increase the circularity of buildings; the design process, however, has the biggest impact. </span></p>
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<h2><strong>MAIN TAKEAWAYS</strong></h2>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;">The "Shearing layers" concept was first conceived by architect Frank Duffy, and later developed by Steward Brand in his bo</span><span style="font-size: 1em;">ok<span style="color: #333300;"> "How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built".</span></span></li>
<li>The shearing layers are: Site, Structure, Skin, Services, Space Plan and Stuff. All of the layers are characterised by different longevity and impact. </li>
<li><span style="font-size: 1em;">The understanding of the sharing layers enables us to increase the circularity potential of a building from the start.</span></li>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><e><button id="show">Did you know that Stewart Brand is not an architect?</button></e><f style="display: none;"> <button id="hide">Okay</button></f></p>
<p><f style="display: none;"> He is a biologist and published the "Whole Earth Catalog" magazine between 1968 and 1972. The magazine included articles and essays on ecology, society, technology, education and self-sufficiency. The catalog discussed topics that are nowadays gaining importance such as system thinking, environmental preservation, efficient use of resources, reducing waste and many more.</f></p>
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<h2 class="hd hd-2 unit-title">3.4 Your Favourite Shearing Layer</h2>
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<p>In the previous video, you learned that to apply circular economy principles to the construction of buildings, we first need to understand the organization of a building structure and the life-cycle of its various layers. </p>
<p>To unfold the complexity of a building we will use the “Shearing Layers” concept of architect Frank Duffy, which was later elaborated by Stewart Brand in his book <em>How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built</em> (1994), which refers to buildings as composed of several layers of change. </p>
<p>Duffy and Brand identified the following shearing layers to structure the organization of a building (quoted from Brand):</p>
<blockquote style="border: 2px dotted #666; padding: 10px; background-color: #dcdcdc;">
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Site > eternal</span> - the first layer is the Site, the geographical setting in which the building is positioned. </p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Structure > 30 - 300 years</span> - the second layer is the Structure of a building: the foundation and load-bearing elements.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Skin ±20 years</span> - the third layer is the Skin or façade of a building. </p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Services > 7 - 15 years</span> - the fourth layer consists of the Services of a building, the so-called working guts: communications wiring, electrical wiring, plumbing, fire sprinkler systems, HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning), and moving parts like elevators and escalators. </p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Space Plan > 3 - 30 years</span> - the fifth layer consists of the Space Plan of a building - the interior layout of walls, ceilings, floors and doors.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Stuff</span> - the sixth layer consists of the Stuff within a building: chairs, desks, phones, pictures, kitchen appliances, lamps, hairbrushes... all the things that are around daily to monthly. </p>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
<p>Now that you understand that a building is not one object, but a collection of shearing layers, it might be easier to think of a resource reduction strategy during the design process.</p>
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<h2><b>Assignment 2</b></h2>
<p><span style="color: #313131; font-family: Open Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;" color="#313131" face="Open Sans, Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">Analyze the various shearing layers within your own home or the building you are in. Have a look around and complete the following steps:</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 1em;">1. Look around, are you in or outside a building? Which shearing layers do you recognise? Reflect on which layer you would like to focus on.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-size: 1em;">2. Take a photo of a layer. </span></p>
<p>3. Upload the photo to your project feed in Sketchdrive, and select the tag <em>W3 Assignment 2</em>.</p>
<p>4. In the description box, add a brief explanation of the layer; next, reflect on the life-cycle duration, how would you improve your shearing layer? Add a few lines to the description box too.</p>
<p>5. If necessary highlight the shearing layer that you selected by drawing on the photo once it is uploaded. </p>
<p>6. Browse your peers' uploads, and comment on at least one of them.</p>
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3.4 Your Favourite Shearing Layer
In the previous video, you learned that to apply circular economy principles to the construction of buildings, we first need to understand the organization of a building structure and the life-cycle of its various layers.
To unfold the complexity of a building we will use the “Shearing Layers” concept of architect Frank Duffy, which was later elaborated by Stewart Brand in his book How Buildings Learn: What Happens After They’re Built (1994), which refers to buildings as composed of several layers of change.
Duffy and Brand identified the following shearing layers to structure the organization of a building (quoted from Brand):
Site > eternal - the first layer is the Site, the geographical setting in which the building is positioned.
Structure > 30 - 300 years - the second layer is the Structure of a building: the foundation and load-bearing elements.
Skin ±20 years - the third layer is the Skin or façade of a building.
Services > 7 - 15 years - the fourth layer consists of the Services of a building, the so-called working guts: communications wiring, electrical wiring, plumbing, fire sprinkler systems, HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning), and moving parts like elevators and escalators.
Space Plan > 3 - 30 years - the fifth layer consists of the Space Plan of a building - the interior layout of walls, ceilings, floors and doors.
Stuff - the sixth layer consists of the Stuff within a building: chairs, desks, phones, pictures, kitchen appliances, lamps, hairbrushes... all the things that are around daily to monthly.
Now that you understand that a building is not one object, but a collection of shearing layers, it might be easier to think of a resource reduction strategy during the design process.
Assignment 2
Analyze the various shearing layers within your own home or the building you are in. Have a look around and complete the following steps:
1. Look around, are you in or outside a building? Which shearing layers do you recognise? Reflect on which layer you would like to focus on.
2. Take a photo of a layer.
3. Upload the photo to your project feed in Sketchdrive, and select the tag W3 Assignment 2.
4. In the description box, add a brief explanation of the layer; next, reflect on the life-cycle duration, how would you improve your shearing layer? Add a few lines to the description box too.
5. If necessary highlight the shearing layer that you selected by drawing on the photo once it is uploaded.
6. Browse your peers' uploads, and comment on at least one of them.
Sketchdrive (External resource)
Your username and email address will only be used to create an account on Sketchdrive. This information will never be shared by Sketchdrive with other parties.
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