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Floating structures are maintained on station by a variety of mooring line types and systems. Historically, ships were moored using a single anchor chain from the bow. However, increasingly specific requirements associated with the station keeping of floating structures used for petroleum activity have resulted in the application of different materials for mooring lines as well ass different combinations for mooring lines. For example, steel wire ropes have been used for deep water applications and taut vertical moorings have been used in TLPs to improve horizontal and vertical plane responses respectively. Semi-submersible Semi-submersible rigs are always spread moored with mooring lines emanating from the four corner columns. Such a spread mooring is possible because unlike ships, the environmental force on a semi-submersible is relatively insensitive to direction. Figure 1.1 shows such a system. Mooring lines are guided through fairleads. Figure 1.2 Spread moored semi-submersible
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