In this tutorial Els Bet shows how relatively small interventions in the structure of a city can sometimes bring run down areas back to life. She uses the former harbour areas of Rotterdam as an example. In her words, an industrial grid had to be resized into an urban grid. Els also explains that we may see the structure of the city as a composition of layers, (comparable to the approach in tutorial 3 “reading the landscape”). She states that the structure of a city is defined most of all by the distinction between public and private spaces since this is usually the most stable layer.