4.1 Basic operational principles

4.2 The p-n junction

4.2.1 Formation of a space-charge region in the p-n junction
4.2.2 p-n junction under equilibrium
4.2.3 p-n junction under applied voltage
4.2.4 p-n junction under illumination

4.3 Solar cell external parameters

4.4 Appendix

4.4.1 Derivation of J-V characteristic in dark
4.4.2 Derivation of J-V characteristic under illumination