Having introduced the concept of energy system models with the help of a simple toy model, we now look at a real-world example of using more sophisticated models to support deliberation on the energy transition. With application to Europe, we see that there are many ways to achieve a carbon-neutral energy system. Yet, when we impose specific preferences, the decision flexibility reduces.

Key takeaways:

• It is possible to balance renewable variability with or without a large expansion of storage, transmission or firm capacity
• It is not possible, however, to impose many preferences on the system features at once
• For instance, limiting the use of biofuels requires a willingness to invest in smart electric heating and mobility