The title of this chapter may be misleading. Although it refers to monolithic breakwaters, in practice it deals with mainly vertical wall breakwaters or even caisson breakwaters. The subject is so full with uncertainties that it makes no sense to know all formulae in a quantitative qay. However, it is important to understand the difference between static, quasi-static and dynamic loads and their effect on stability.

For this lecture you need to read Breakwaters and Closure Dams, Chapter 9 and Appendix 4