Electrical machines and drives – Readings

Course subject(s) 01. Introduction to Electrical machines and drives 02. Maxwell’s equations and Magnetic circuits 03. Principles of electromechanics 04. DC Machines and Drives 05. DC Machines continued 06. DC Machine drivers and Induction machines 07. Induction machines 1 08. Induction machines 2 09. Synchronous Machines 10. Permanent magnet AC machines 11. Stepper, Single phase and Universal motors, and Switched reluctance machines

Readings

The course Electrical machines and drives uses the following books as study material;

Principles of electric machines and power electronics,P.C. Sen,New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997 (second edition).
Electric Machinery, A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, S.D. Umans, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003 (sixth edition).

Principles of electric machines and power electronics

Reference: Paresh C. Sen (1996), Principles of Electric Machines and Power Electronics.John Wiley & Sons, Inc.ISBN 0471022950.

This new edition combines the traditional areas of electric machinery with the latest in modern control and power electronics. It includes coverage of multi-machine systems, brushless motors and switched reluctance motors, as well as constant flux and constant current operation of induction motors. It also features additional material on new solid state devices such as Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors and MOS-Controlled Thrysistors.In P. C. Sen’s second edition of Principles of Electronic Machines and Power Electronics, the author responds to recent changes in technology in order to update and enhance this popular text. This text is written to allow an instructor to select topics for coverage in either a one or two semester course in electric machines. Sections and entire chapters can be skipped without losing continuity. The new edition combines traditional areas of electric machinery covered in the first edition with the latest in modern control and power electronics.

Preface:

1. Magnetic Circuits

Magnetic Circuits
Hysteresis
Sinusoidal excitation
Permanent Magnet

2. Transformers

Ideal transformer
Practical transformer
Voltage regulation
efficiency
Autotransformer
Three-Phase transformers
Harmonic in Three-Phase transformer banks
Per-Unit(PU) system

3. Electromechanical Energy conversion

Energy Conversion process
Field Energy
Mechanical force in the Electromagnetic system
Rotating Machines
Cylindrical Machines

4. DC Machines

Electromagnetic Conversion
DC Machines
DC Generators
DC Motors
Speed Control
Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) Motors
Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Motors

5. Induction (Asynchronous) Machines

Constructional Features
Rotating Magnetic Field
Induced Voltages
Polyphase Induction Machines
Three Modes Of Operation
Inverted Induction Machines
Equivalent Circuit Model
No-Load Test
Performance Characteristics
Power flow in three modes of operation
Effects of Rotor Resistance
Classes of Squirrel-cage Motors
Speed Control
Starting of Induction Motors
Time and Space Harmonics
Linear Induction Motor (LIM)

6. Synchronous Machines

Construction of Three-Phase synchronous Machines
Synchronous Generators
Synchronous Motors
Equivalent Circuit Model
Power and Torque characteristics
Capability Curves
Power factor Control
Independent Generators
Salient Pole Synchronous Machines
Sped Control of Synchronous Motors
Appilications
Linear Synchronous Motor(LIM)
Brushless DC(BLDC) Motors
Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)

7. Single-Phase Motors

Single-Phase Induction Motors
Starting Winding Design
Equivalent Circuit of a Capacitor-run Motor
Single-Phase series (universal) Motors
Single-Phase Synchronous Motors
Speed Control

8. Special Machines

Servomotors
Synchros
Stepper Motors

9. Transients and Dynamics

DC Machines
Synchronous Machines
Induction Machines
Transformer; Transient Inrush Current

10. Power Semiconductor Converters

Power Semiconductor Devices
Controllerd Rectifiers
AC Voltage Controllers
Choppers
Inverters
Cycloconverters

Appendix A: Windings

MMF Distribution
Induced Voltages
Winding Arrangement
Space Harmonics and Winding Factors
Time Harmonic Voltages

Appendix B: Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Single-Phase Circuits
Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
Balanced Three-Phase Load
Y Transformation of Load
Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
Three-Phase Power Measurement

Appendix C: Units and Constants

Units
Constants

Appendix D: Laplace Transforms

Appendix E: Answers To Odd-Numbered Problems

Reference: A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley and S.D. Umans (2003), Electric Machinery. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN 0073660094.

The chief objective of Electric Machinery continues to be to build a strong foundation in the basic principles of electromechanics and electric machinery. Through all of its editions, the emphasis of Electric Machinery has been on both physical insight and analytical techniques. Mastery of the material covered will provide both the basis for understanding many real-world electric-machinery applications as well as the foundation for proceeding on to more advanced courses in electric machinery design and control. Power electronics are a significant component of many contemporary electric-machine applications. This topic is included in Chapter 10 of this edition ofElectricMachineryin recognition of the fact that many electric-machinery courses now includea discussion of power electronics and drive systems. However, it must be emphasizedthat the single chapter found here is introductory at best. One chapter cannot begin todo justice to this complex topic any more than a single chapter in a power-electronicstext could adequately introduce the topic of electric machinery.The approach taken here is to discuss the basic properties of common power elec-tronic components such as diodes, SCRs, MOSFETs, and IGBTs and to introducesimple models for these components. The chapter then illustrates how these compo-nents can be used to achieve two primary functions of power-electronic circuits indrive applications: rectification (conversion of ac to dc) and inversion (conversion ofdc to ac). Phase-controlled rectification is discussed as a technique for controlling thedc voltage produced from afixed ac source. Phase-controlled rectification can be used to drive dc machines as well as to provide a controllable dc input to inverters in acdrives. Similarly, techniques for producing stepped and pulse-width-modulated wave-forms of variable amplitudes and frequency are discussed. These techniques are at theheart of variable-speed drive systems which are commonly found in variable-speedac drives.

Preface:

1. Magnetic Circuits and Magnetic Materials

Introduction to Magnetic Circuits
Flux Linkage, Inductance, and Energy
Properties of Magnetic Materials
AC Excitation
Permanent Magnets
Application of Permanent MagnetMaterials

2. Transformers

Introduction to Transformers
No-Load Conditions
Effect of Secondary Current; IdealTransformer
Transformer Reactances and EquivalentCircuits
Engineering Aspects of TransformerAnalysis
Autotransformers; MultiwindingTransformers
Transformers in Three-Phase Circuits
Voltage and Current Transformers
The Per-Unit System

3. Energy-Conversion Principles

Forces and Torques in MagneticField Systems
Energy Balance
Energy in Singly-Excited Magnetic FieldSystems
Determination of Magnetic Force and Torquefrom Energy
Determination of Magnetic Force and Torquefrom Coenergy
Multiply-Excited Magnetic FieldSystems
Forces and Torques in Systems withPermanent Magnets
Dynamic Equations
Analytical Techniques

4. Introduction to Rotating Machines

Elementary Concepts
Introduction to AC and DC Machines
MMF of Distributed Windings
Magnetic Fields in Rotating Machinery
Rotating MMF Waves in AC Machines
Generated Voltage
Torque in Nonsalient-Pole Machines
Linear Machines
Magnetic Saturation
Leakage Fluxes

5. Synchronous Machines

Introduction to Polyphase SynchronousMachines
Synchronous-Machine Inductances;Equivalent Circuits
Open- and Short-Circuit Characteristics
Steady-State Power-AngleCharacteristic
Steady-State Operating Characteristics
Effects of Salient Poles; Introduction toDirect- and Quadrature-Axis Theory
Power-Angle Characteristics of Salient-PoleMachines
Permanent-Magnet AC Motors

6. Polyphase Induction Machines

Introduction to Polyphase InductionMachines
Currents and Fluxes in Polyphase InductionMachines
Induction-Motor Equivalent Circuit
Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit
Torque and Power by Use of Thevenin’sTheorem
Parameter Determination from No-Load andBlocked-Rotor Tests
Effects of Rotor Resistance; Wound andDouble-Squirrel-Cage Rotors

7. DC Machines

Introduction
Commutator Action
Effect of Armature MMF
Analytical Fundamentals: Electric-CircuitAspects
Analytical Fundamentals: Magnetic-CircuitAspects
Analysis of Steady-State Performance
Permanent-Magnet DC Machines
Commutation and Interpoles
Compensating Windings
Series Universal Motors

8. Variable-Reluctance Machines andStepping Motors

Basics of VRM Analysiss
Practical VRM Configurations
Current Waveforms for Torque Production
Nonlinear Analysis
Stepping Motors

9. Single- and Two-Phase Motors

Single-Phase Induction Motors: QualitativeExamination
Starting and Running Performance of Single- Phase Induction and Synchronous Motors
Revolving-Field Theory of Single-PhaseInduction Motors
Two-Phase Induction Motors

10. Introduction to Power Electronics

Power Switches
Rectification: Conversion of AC to DC
Inversion: Conversion of DC to AC

11. Speed and Torque Control

Control of DC Motors
Control of Synchronous Motors
Control of Induction Motors
Control of Variable-Reluctance Motors

Appendix A Three-Phase Circuits

Generation of Three-Phase Voltages
Three-Phase Voltages, Currents, andPower
Y- and-Connected Circuits
Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Circuits;Single-Line Diagrams
Other Polyphase Systems

Appendix B Voltages, Magnetic Fields, and Inductances of Distributed AC Windings

Generated Voltages
Armature MMF Waves
Air-Gap Inductances of DistributedWindings

Appendix C The dq0 Transformation

Transformation to Direct- and Quadrature-AxisVariables
Basic Synchronous-Machine Relations in dq0Variables
Basic Induction-Machine Relations in dq0Variables

Appendix D Engineering Aspects of Practical Electric Machine Performance and Operation

Losses
Rating and Heating
Cooling Means for Electric Machines
Excitation
Energy Efficiency of Electric Machinery

Appendix E Table of Constants and Conversion Factors for SI Units

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